When it comes to colorectal cancer, it's like a two-headed beast: starting in either the colon or rectum. You might hear it called colon cancer or rectal cancer, depending on its launch pad. These two cancer cousins are often talked about together since they share plenty of similarities.

To understand colorectal cancer, it's essential to understand the standard structure and function of the colon and rectum. The colon and rectum are integral parts of the digestive system, which is also referred to as the gastrointestinal (GI) system. The colon is a muscular tube that is approximately 5 feet long and comprises the majority of the large intestine. The colon's parts are named based on the food's direction of travel through them.

• The first section is called the ascending colon. It starts with a pouch called the cecum, where undigested food comes in from the small intestine. It continues upward on the right side of the abdomen (belly).

• The second section is called the transverse colon. It goes across the body from the right to the left side.
• The third section is called the descending colon because it descends (travels down) on the left side.
• The fourth section is called the sigmoid colon because of its “S” shape. The sigmoid colon joins the rectum, which then connects to the anus.

The ascending and transverse sections together are called the proximal colon. The descending and sigmoid colon are called the distal colon.

Although both dwell in the large intestine, the colon and rectum are like yin and yang, each with their own roles to play. The colon's job is to suck up water from stool, while the rectum takes charge of storing and releasing stool, so we can control our bowel movements.
The rectum and anal canal make up the last few inches of the large intestine measure up to 6-8 inches in length. The main difference between colon and rectal cancer is that colon cancer occurs when cancer cells are formed in the tissue of the colon. While rectal cancer occurs when cancer cells are formed in the tissue of the rectum.

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Regular screening tests are crucial in the fight against colon cancer. Catching cancer early on is the most effective way to treat it. Screening can also help to prevent the disease by identifying abnormal growths such as polyps that can develop into cancer. There are numerous screening tests available for colon cancer, each with varying levels of involvement and frequency. Your medical history and personal preferences will influence which test is best for you, and a doctor can help you make that decision. Typically, people begin getting tested at age 45. However, individuals with a family history of colon cancer or other risk factors may need to begin testing earlier and get tested more frequently.

Fecal Occult BLOOD TEST

A fecal occult blood test (FOBT) is a procedure that checks stool (solid waste) for blood that can only be detected with a microscope. To perform the test, a small stool sample is placed on a special card or in a special container, which is then sent to the doctor or laboratory for analysis. The presence of blood in the stool may indicate the presence of polyps, cancer, or other medical conditions.There are two types of FOBTs.

Guaiac FOBT: 
To test for the presence of blood in stool, a sample of stool is taken and placed on a special card. A chemical is then applied to the card. If there is blood in the stool, the card will change color.

Immunochemical FOBT: 
To detect blood in stool samples, a liquid is added to the sample and the resulting mixture is injected into a machine containing antibodies that can recognize blood. If blood is present, a line will appear in the machine's window. This is known as the fecal immunochemical test (FIT).

Colonoscopy

​Colonoscopy is an examination used to detect polyps, abnormal areas, or cancer in the rectum and colon. The procedure involves inserting a colonoscope, which is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and lens for viewing, into the colon through the rectum. The colonoscope may also have a tool for extracting polyps or tissue samples, which are then examined under a microscope to identify any signs of cancer.

virtual colonoscopy

Virtual Colonoscopy, also known as Computed Tomography Colonography or CTC, is a procedure that employs computed tomography x-rays to generate a sequence of images depicting the colon's interior surface. These images are integrated by a computer to create comprehensive visuals that can reveal polyps and other anomalies.

sigmoidoscoby

Sigmoidoscopy is a medical procedure that allows doctors to examine the rectum and lower colon for cancer, polyps, or other abnormal areas. During the procedure, a sigmoidoscope, which is a thin tube-like instrument with a light and a lens, is inserted through the rectum into the sigmoid colon. In some cases, the sigmoidoscope may also have a tool for taking tissue samples or removing polyps. These samples are then examined under a microscope for any signs of cancer.

DNA STOOL TEST

The purpose of this test is to examine the DNA in stool cells for any genetic alterations that could indicate the presence of colorectal cancer.

Other ways to prevent Colorectal Cancer

• Maintain a Healthy Weight

Other than smoking, being overweight is the most significant factor that increases the risk of cancer. Research indicates that at least 13 types of cancer, including colon cancer, are linked to weight gain and obesity. If you have gained weight, a good starting point is to try to prevent further weight gain, which has its health benefits. However, to achieve a more significant health boost, it's advisable to gradually shed some pounds.

•  Don’t Smoke

It's no secret that smoking can severely harm your health. In fact, not smoking is the best thing you can do to improve your overall well-being. Smoking can cause up to 15 different types of cancer, including colon cancer, as well as increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and emphysema. However, by quitting smoking, you can start experiencing benefits shortly after your last cigarette. If you need help quitting, consider calling 1-800-QUIT-NOW (or 1-866-QUIT-YES in Illinois) or visiting smokefree.gov. Additionally, speaking with a doctor can double your chances of success.

• Be Physically Active

There's no denying the value of regular physical activity. It can reduce the risk of multiple serious diseases, including colon cancer, and provides a great mental boost. While any amount of physical activity is better than none, try to aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate activity each day. Choose activities you enjoy, such as brisk walking, cycling, dancing or gardening, to make it easier to stick to your routine.

•  Limit alcohol – Zero is best

Moderate drinking may have heart-healthy benefits for older adults; however, limiting alcohol consumption is crucial as even small amounts can increase the risk of colon and breast cancer. Given the other risks associated with alcohol, abstaining from drinking altogether is the safest choice for overall health.

•  Limit Red Meat, Especially Processed Meat

Studies show that consuming large amounts of red meat, such as steak, hamburger, and pork, can increase the risk of colon cancer. The risk is even higher for processed meats, such as bacon, sausage, and bologna. To mitigate this risk, aim to eat three or fewer servings of these meats per week. Remember, less is better for your health.

• Get Enough Calcium and Vitamin D

Research shows that consuming adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D can provide protection against colon cancer. Aim for a daily intake of 1000 to 1200 mg of calcium and roughly 1000 IU of vitamin D. You can obtain calcium from various sources such as low-fat dairy products, fortified plant-based milks, nuts, beans, and greens. Eggs, fatty fish (like tuna), and fortified dairy products are excellent sources of vitamin D. While a standard multivitamin can help make up for any nutrient deficiencies, it should not be a substitute for a healthy diet consisting of real food.

• Eat more whole grains and fiber

Eating a diet rich in whole grains and fiber has been shown to lower the risk of colon cancer, yet most people don't consume enough of either. To improve your health, aim for three or more servings of whole grains each day, and 22 to 34 grams of fiber daily (depending on sex and age). To achieve this, incorporate fruits, vegetables, beans, 100% whole-wheat bread, whole-grain cereals, and pasta into your meals.